Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics States About Energy Conversion Thermodynamics is the branch of science that embodies the principles of energy transformation in macroscopic systems. The general restrictions which experience has shown to apply to all such transformations are known as the laws of thermodynamics. These laws are primitive; they cannot be derived from anything more basic. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved; that, although it can be altered in form and transferred from one place to another, the total quantity remains constant. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics depends on the concept of energy; but, conversely, energy is an essential thermodynamic function because it allows the first law to be formulated. This coupling is characteristic of the primitive concepts of thermodynamics. The words system and surroundings are similarly coupled. A system is taken to be any object, any quantity of matter, any region, and so on, selected for study and set apart (men

Optics

The word optics, is come from Greek optikes, originally meant the study of the eye and vision. The term now refer to the study of all phenomena related to light. Geometrical optics is that branch which deals with reflection and refraction and the formation of images by optical instruments. It treats light as propagating in straight lines or rays.

Physical optics is the study and explanation of optical phenomena in term of the wave nature of light. This branch includes such phenomena as interference, deffraction, and polarization, as well as the subdivisions electrooptics, magetooptics, crystal optics and so on. Quantum optics has to do with the particle nature of light manifest in certain phenomena such as the photoelectric effect.

The science of optics has its roots burried in ancient times, in about 300 BC. Euclid wrote to treatise entitled optics and Catoptics in which he gave the correct law of refflection and applied the law to the study of plane and curved mirror. He also mentioned the phenomena of refraction, but the true mathematical law governing refraction was not discovered until 1621, by Willebrord Snell.