Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics States About Energy Conversion Thermodynamics is the branch of science that embodies the principles of energy transformation in macroscopic systems. The general restrictions which experience has shown to apply to all such transformations are known as the laws of thermodynamics. These laws are primitive; they cannot be derived from anything more basic. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved; that, although it can be altered in form and transferred from one place to another, the total quantity remains constant. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics depends on the concept of energy; but, conversely, energy is an essential thermodynamic function because it allows the first law to be formulated. This coupling is characteristic of the primitive concepts of thermodynamics. The words system and surroundings are similarly coupled. A system is taken to be any object, any quantity of matter, any region, and so on, selected for study and set apart (men...

Characteristic of Measurement System

The basic purpose of instrumentation in a process is to obtain requisite information pertaining to the fruitful completion of the process. The object of fruitful completion, in industrial terminology, is obtained when process efficiency is maximum with minimum cost of production and a desired level of product quality.

The information that may be available, sometimes indicates the progress of the process in a very simple way involving, perhaps, a direct relation. Such direct measurements are generally accomplished by simple mechanical means. In the majority of the processes, however, a direct measurement is not always possible and an indirect measurement technique, involving a derived relationship between the measured quantity and the desired result is adopted. The method which offer the possibility of high speed of operation and simpler processing of the measured value.

The type of information that are obtained may not always be in the form of a concrete value of a measured quantity, i.e. the instrument may or may not indicate or record the measured value as such. It might only transmit has been reached, or indicate a specific value with an indicating hand over a suitable scale. It might also produce a written record of the variable against the time axis or even register the values in discontinuous steps by what is known as counting. A single instrument might be required to perform any one of the above operations individually or a number of them at a time.