Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics States About Energy Conversion Thermodynamics is the branch of science that embodies the principles of energy transformation in macroscopic systems. The general restrictions which experience has shown to apply to all such transformations are known as the laws of thermodynamics. These laws are primitive; they cannot be derived from anything more basic. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved; that, although it can be altered in form and transferred from one place to another, the total quantity remains constant. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics depends on the concept of energy; but, conversely, energy is an essential thermodynamic function because it allows the first law to be formulated. This coupling is characteristic of the primitive concepts of thermodynamics. The words system and surroundings are similarly coupled. A system is taken to be any object, any quantity of matter, any region, and so on, selected for study and set apart (men

Slide Ruler ( SIGMAT )

One of length measuring tool are slide ruler or sigmat. This tool is more precision than usual ruler but can not measure for very long material. The reading precision on the scale is increase using vernier. Reading precision get by the difference between divided on the main scale on the ruler and the vernier scale on the shifter.

On measuring the depth using this slide ruler, must be add by the thickness of joint on the reader scale.



Many kind of vernier on the sigmat, tenth vernier, 9 mm divided by 10 part, distance between line on the vernier scale = 0.9 mm so there are difference 1 – 0.9 = 0.1 mm.

The precision of measurement = (the difference on ruler)/(tenth vernier part) = 1/10 = 0.1 mm.

For vernier of twentieth have 19 mm long divided by 20 part of line, so the distance between line is 0.95 mm.
The precision of measurement = 1 mm/ 20 parts = 0.05 mm

Because of the limitation of eyes ability to read smaller the vernier scale of fiftieth so then uses of widened vernier.

The example of widened vernier on 39 mm divided by 20 parts.


Example of Reading:


Result of reading : 73 mm + 0,6 mm + 0,05 mm = 73,65 mm